Oliver Cromwell
[b]Oliver Cromwell[/b] was born in Huntingdon on April 25th 1599. Since his death as Lord Protector in 1658 his life, ambitions, motives and actions have been the subject of scholarly investigation and intense, often vitriolic, debate. Whatever position is taken on Cromwell, "Chief of Men" or "Brave Bad Man", his importance as a key figure in one of the most troubled periods of British history is unassailable.看懂没各位！！！！:yociexp41 克伦威尔出生，:yociexp1044" />:yociexp23
[[i] 本帖最后由 茫茫然雪心 于 07-9-20 17:36 编辑 [/i]] 哈哈。。。。。。。:yociexp41 克伦威尔， 1599年至1658年
Rose from relatively humble origins to become the most successful military and political leader of the Civil Wars.玫瑰从相对卑微的起源，成为最成功的军事和政治领袖的内战。 Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth from 1654-8, he was offered — and refused — the Crown itself.主保护者英文联合体从1654-8 ，他开办-拒绝-皇冠本身。
[img]http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/images/cromwell-1.gif[/img]
O liver Cromwell was born into a family of minor Huntingdon gentry on 25 April 1599 and baptised at St John's Church in Huntingdon four days later. 澳肝克伦威尔出生到一家小亨廷顿士绅对1599年4月25日受洗，并在圣约翰教堂亨廷顿四天后。 He attended the free school attached to the hospital of St John in Huntingdon, where he was taught by Dr Thomas Beard, then spent a year at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he was noted for his enthusiasm for sports and games rather than for his academic abilities.他参加了学校免费附上医院圣约翰在亨廷顿，在那里他教导托马斯胡子，然后花了一年西德尼苏塞克斯大学，剑桥大学，在那里他指出，他的热情和体育游戏，而不是他学术能力。 Cromwell's university career was cut short when his father died in June 1617 and he returned home to manage his family estate and to look after his widowed mother and seven unmarried sisters.克伦威尔的大学生涯被打断时，他的父亲死于1617年6月，他回家来管理他的家人和地产照顾他的寡妇母亲和未婚七姐妹。 According to some accounts he also studied law at Lincoln's Inn in London.据一些账目，他还攻读法律林肯的旅店在伦敦。
In August 1620, Cromwell married Elizabeth Bourchier (1598–1665), daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a London merchant.在1620年8月，克伦威尔已婚伊丽莎白bourchier （ 1598年至1665年）的女儿，詹姆斯爵士bourchier ，一名伦敦商人。 The marriage was long and stable and produced .婚姻是长期和稳定产生 。 Cromwell and his growing family settled in Huntingdon.克伦威尔和他的家庭越来越多定居在亨廷顿。 He was elected MP for Huntingdon in the Parliament of 1628, where he became associated with the opposition to King Charles that culminated in the declaration of the in June 1628.他当选为国会议员亨廷顿在议会1628 ，在那里他成了与反对国王，查尔斯终于在宣言的 ，在1628年6月。 At some time during the late 1620s, following a period of illness and depression, Cromwell experienced a profound spiritual awakening that left him with deep and uncompromising beliefs.在某些时候，在1620年代末期，经过一段时间的疾病和抑郁，克伦威尔经历了一场深刻的精神觉醒，这给他留下深刻和不妥协的信仰。
In 1631, Cromwell's fortunes were in decline. 1631年，克伦威尔的运势均在下降。 He was forced to sell nearly all his property around Huntingdon and to lease a farmstead at St Ives, where he worked as a farmer for five years.他被迫出售几乎所有他的财产约为亨廷顿和租赁农庄圣们称，他在那里工作，为农民为五年。 The tide turned in 1636 when Cromwell's childless and widowed maternal uncle Sir Thomas Steward died, leaving him a substantial inheritance, including a house next to St Mary’s Church in Ely and the position of local tax collector of the two Ely parishes of St Mary's and Holy Trinity.浪潮上交1636当克伦威尔的子女并丧偶舅托马斯先生斯图尔德去世，他留下大量遗产，包括房子旁边的圣玛利亚教堂，在艾利和地位地方税征收两艾利教区圣玛利亚和圣三一。
Cromwell's improved social status and his connections with local Puritans led to his nomination as a freeman of the borough of Cambridge and election as MP for Cambridge in the two Parliaments of 1640.克伦威尔的改善，社会地位和他联系当地清教徒导致他被提名为弗里曼的行政区剑桥和当选为国会议员剑桥两国议会的1640 。 During the first week of the , he made a passionate speech that called attention to the injustice of the imprisonment of , and during the following month he was prominent in parliamentary attacks on .在第一周的 ，他作了激情发言，呼吁重视不公正监禁 ，并在一个月后，他在著名的国会攻击 。 Although he was not regarded as a fluent speaker, Cromwell's passion and sincerity gained him a reputation as a solid supporter of opposition leaders such as and Cromwell's own cousin, .虽然他不被视为一个讲流利，克伦威尔的热情和诚意，获得了他的声誉，作为一个坚实的支持者，反对派领导人，如克伦威尔和自己的表哥， 。
O n the outbreak of the in August 1642, Cromwell took up arms for Parliament. 澳氮爆发于1642年8月，克伦威尔拿起武器为议会。 He led one of the earliest military actions of the war when with 200 lightly-armed volunteers he prevented the King's men from carrying off the silver plate of the Cambridge colleges.他率领的一个最早的军事行动，战争时，有200个轻武装志愿人员，他阻止了国王的男性进行过银板剑桥学院。 Cromwell raised a troop of sixty horsemen and effectively secured Cambridgeshire for Parliament.克伦威尔提出了部队的60个骑手和有效担保剑桥郡议会。 In October 1642, Cromwell's troop joined the army of the Earl of Essex.在1642年10月，克伦威尔的部队当兵的伯爵埃塞克斯郡。 He fought at the battle of , where the superiority of the Royalist horse impressed upon him the need for a disciplined Parliamentarian cavalry.他在打战役 ，而优越的保皇马匹印象后，他需要一个纪律客人骑兵。 Returning to East Anglia, Cromwell was careful to recruit only "godly, honest men" as his troopers and to lead them with firm discipline.回到东英格兰，克伦威尔谨慎招聘只"神，诚实男人" ，作为他的部队，并带领他们与公司的纪律。 His innate skills as a cavalry commander were in evidence at the skirmishing around in July 1643.他的先天技能作为骑兵指挥官被作为证据在欧委会左右，在1643年7月。 Having helped to secure most of East Anglia for Parliament by the summer of 1643, Cromwell was appointed governor of Ely and promoted to colonel in the new Eastern Association army raised by the .曾帮助找到最东英格兰议会由夏天1643 ，克伦威尔被任命为总督的艾利和晋升上校，在新东方陆军协会所提 。
Rising to prominence in the Eastern Association, Cromwell attained the rank of lieutenant-general of horse in January 1644.不断突出，在东部协会，克伦威尔达到晋升中将马在1644年1月。 He played a major role in Parliament's victory at , where his highly-disciplined cavalry routed both Prince Rupert's and Lord Goring's cavaliers.他发挥了重大作用，在国会的胜利 ，他的高度纪律骑兵均改为鲁珀特王子的勋爵和一见钟情的骑士。 Rupert himself is said to have coined the name "Ironside" for Cromwell, which became popular with the army and was extended to his troopers.鲁珀特自己据说已创造了一个名为"坦克"克伦威尔，成为流行与军队和延长他的部队。 However, Cromwell's practice of promoting godliness amongst his officers and men drew criticism from Major-General , a Scottish Presbyterian attached to Manchester's army, who objected to Cromwell's encouragement of unorthodox Independents and Anabaptists.然而，克伦威尔的做法，促进亲情之间官兵提请批评少将 ，苏格兰长老隶属曼彻斯特的军队，谁反对克伦威尔的鼓励非正统和无党派人士anabaptists 。 Cromwell also became increasingly critical of the leadership of Manchester himself, and denounced him before the House of Commons in November 1644 for his unwillingness to take decisive action against the Royalists.克伦威尔也成为越来越重要的领导亲自曼彻斯特，并谴责他的前下议院议员在1644年11月，他不愿采取果断行动打击保皇党。
A leading supporter of the , Cromwell was one of the few Members of Parliament exempted from resigning his commission in the army under its terms.领导支持者 ，克伦威尔是少数国会议员的豁免，他的辞职在委员会下的人民军队，其职权。 He was officially appointed lieutenant-general of horse under in the just before the decisive Parliamentarian victory at in June 1645, during which Cromwell routed Langdale's Northern Horse and rallied the Ironsides for a charge against the Royalist infantry that decided the outcome of the battle.他被正式任命为中将马根据在的前夕议会决定性胜利在1645年6月，在克伦威尔路兰代尔的马北部和凝聚ironsides为控告皇家步兵这一决定的结果，这场战斗。 Despite having no military training or experience prior to 1642, Cromwell was generally regarded as the greatest soldier in England by the time he and Fairfax received the surrender of Oxford in June 1646.虽没有军事训练或经验之前， 1642 ，克伦威尔被普遍视为最大士兵在英国的时候，他和费尔法克斯收到投降牛津在1646年6月。
C romwell supported the in the conflict between the Army and Parliament of 1647. 三 romwell支持在冲突军队和议会1647 。 He was a firm advocate of parliamentary authority but he lost patience with those Presbyterian MPs who seemed willing to risk another civil war rather than settle the soldiers' grievances honourably.他是一个坚定主张议会权力，但他失去了耐心与这些长老国会似乎甘愿冒另内战，而不是解决士兵们的不满，光明磊落。 Acting independently of Fairfax, and in close association with his son-in-law , he used the threat of military force to oust the Presbyterian from the House of Commons in August 1647.独立行事的费尔法克斯，密切协会与他的女婿 ，他以威胁武力推翻长老会由国会下议院在1647年8月。 However, Cromwell opposed demands for manhood suffrage ("one man, one vote") and other social and political reforms.不过，反对克伦威尔要求普选成年（ "一人一票" ）和其他社会和政治改革。 He tried to adopt a conciliatory attitude towards the King, proposing to restore him to power in the interests of achieving a peaceful settlement.他试图采取一种妥协的态度，国王，提出恢复他的权力，在利益实现和平解决。 This alienated radicals in the Army and in Parliament, who came to regard Cromwell as a hypocrite motivated by his own self-interest.这种疏离自由基在军队和国会中，前来方面克伦威尔作为一个伪君子出于自己的私利。 In any case, Cromwell's attempts to secure a peaceful settlement were frustrated by the King's refusal to compromise and by his negotiations to bring a Scottish army into England, thus provoking the .在任何情况下，克伦威尔的企图争取和平解决了困扰国王的拒绝妥协和他的谈判，以使苏格兰军队进入英格兰，因此挑起 。
When war broke out In 1648, Cromwell marched to crush Colonel Poyer's Royalist uprising in while Fairfax dealt with the Royalists in Kent and Essex.当战争爆发于1648年，克伦威尔游行粉碎上校普瓦耶的保皇起义费尔法克斯同时处理保皇党在肯特郡和埃塞克斯郡。 Cromwell then went north to take command of Parliament's forces against the Duke of Hamilton's army and their English Royalist allies.克伦威尔然后北上采取指挥国会的反对势力公爵汉密尔顿的军队和他们的英语保皇盟友。 In August 1648, Cromwell led a daring and brilliantly-executed campaign that resulted in the total defeat of the Scots at the battle of .在1648年8月，克伦威尔率领一个大胆和出色执行的运动，导致彻底失败，苏格兰人在战役 。 He then marched into Scotland and negotiated with the to remove all Engagers and Royalist sympathisers from office in Scotland.然后，他迈入苏格兰和谈判与清除所有engagers保皇和同情者，从办公室在苏格兰。
Cromwell was in the north clearing up the last Royalist military resistance during the dramatic events of November 1648, when Ireton and the Council of Officers resolved to prosecute King Charles, the "Man of Blood".克伦威尔在北清理过去保皇军事抵抗中的戏剧性事件1648年11月，当外交部长和理事会主席团成员解决起诉国王查尔斯， "人血" 。 Cromwell returned to London the day after the Army's enemies in Parliament had been ejected in .克伦威尔返回伦敦后的第二天，军队的敌人，在国会已经跳伞 。 Having realised at last that Charles could not be trusted, Cromwell became a relentless supporter of and subsequent execution in January 1649.因意识到在去年查尔斯不能信任，克伦威尔成为一个无情的支持者和执行以后，在1649年1月。 He had come to believe that regicide was an act of justice and the will of God.他终于相信，弑君是一个正义的行动和意志的上帝。
In 1649, Cromwell suppressed the in the New Model Army and prosecuted , whom he held personally responsible for the unrest amongst the soldiery. 1649年，克伦威尔镇压在新的模式和陆军起诉 ，他的人承担个人责任，为动乱中兵。 After meticulous preparations, Cromwell then took the army to (1649-50) where he crushed the Royalists and Irish Catholics and prepared the way for the redistribution of confiscated Irish land to English speculators.经过精心准备，克伦威尔随后陆军 （ 1649年至1650年） ，他在那里粉碎保皇党和爱尔兰天主教徒和编写方式再分配没收土地爱尔兰英语炒家。 The infamous massacres at and took place during this campaign.臭名昭著的大屠杀和期间发生的这项运动。
When Charles II was proclaimed King of Scots in Edinburgh with the support of the Covenanters, Fairfax declined to lead an army of invasion into Scotland and resigned his commission.当查尔斯二世国王宣布苏格兰的爱丁堡与支持该covenanters ，费尔法克斯下降导致军队侵入苏格兰辞去委员会。 Cromwell was appointed Lord-General of the Army in his place and marched into Scotland in July 1650.克伦威尔被任命为上议院秘书长军队在他的位置，并迈入苏格兰在1650年7月。 He was initially outmanoeuvred by but succeeded in defeating the Scots at the battle of (3 September 1650), which is regarded as the greatest of Cromwell's victories.他最初被包围成功，但在打败苏格兰，在战役 （ 1650年9月3日） ，它被视为是最大的克伦威尔的胜利。 After spending nearly a year trying unsuccessfully to persuade the Covenanters that was an unsuitable king for a godly nation, Cromwell lured Charles and the Scots into an attempt to invade England.花费了近一年，试图说服covenanters 不合适国王为神的民族，克伦威尔引诱查尔斯和苏格兰成为一个企图入侵英格兰。 Cromwell pursued from the north and decisively defeated the Scots and Royalists at the battle of on 3 September 1651, the anniversary of Dunbar and the last major battle of the civil wars.克伦威尔实行从北方和果断战胜苏格兰和保皇党在战役对1651年9月3日，纪念日和邓巴上重大战役的内战。
A fter the execution of Charles I and the declaration of the republic in 1649, the English Commonwealth was governed by the so-called and the . 一 fter执行查尔斯本人及申报共和国1649 ，英文联合体是由所谓和 。 The Purged Parliament was regarded as an interim government and was expected to prepare for a permanent representative but divisions arose between factions in Parliament and in the Army over what form the new government should take.该整肃国会被视为一个过渡政府并预期准备了常驻代表，但均告出现派系之间在议会和军队所组成新的政府应该采取的。 After the military campaigns in Ireland and Scotland were over, Army leaders became increasingly impatient over Parliament's lethargy in formulating the new representative.经过军事运动在爱尔兰和苏格兰的人，军队领导人越来越不耐烦，超过议会的昏睡在制订新的代表。 Although Cromwell attempted to moderate the more extreme demands, he too finally lost patience.虽然克伦威尔试图缓和更为极端的诉求，他也终于失去了耐心。 On 20 April 1653, he led a body of musketeers to Westminster and forcibly expelled the Purged Parliament.对1653年4月20日，他领导的一个机构，以天然气西敏寺强行驱逐整肃议会。 His exact reasons for doing so are unclear; he may have come to believe that Parliament was planning to perpetuate itself.他确实这样做的原因不明;他可能会相信国会正计划永久化本身。 There were no plans for an alternative government in place and Cromwell made no attempt to take power himself.有没有计划替代政府在地方和克伦威尔作出任何企图夺取政权自己。
The Purged Parliament was replaced by the , popularly known as "Barebone's Parliament", which first met in July 1653.该整肃国会被更换，由 ，通称" barebone的议会" ，其中首次会晤在1653年7月。 Cromwell regarded the Assembly as a "Parliament of Saints" and expected it to bring righteous, godly government to the Commonwealth.克伦威尔都把大会作为"议会圣人" ，并预期它带来正义，神政府联合体。 The Nominated Assembly was the most radical constitutional experiment of the 1650s, but the legal and ecclesiastical reforms it tried to introduce were regarded as too extreme by moderates.提名大会是最激进的宪政实验的1650年代，但法律和教会改革，它试图引入被视为过于极端的温和派。 In December 1653 — less than six months after its inauguration — moderates manoeuvred to dissolve the Assembly and hand power over to Cromwell, who was regarded as having granted it to them in the first place.在1653年12月-不到六个月后，其就职-温和派玩弄解散议会和权力移交克伦威尔，被视为理所当然，它给他们摆在首位。
Headed by Major-General , the Council of Officers proposed a new constitution.为首少将 ，理事会主席团提出一部新宪法。 In discussions with the officers, Cromwell made it clear that he did not want to be made King.在商讨人员，克伦威尔说得很清楚，他不想作国王。 Seeking to maintain links with the ancient constitution yet distance himself from the disgraced monarchy, Cromwell proposed a revival of the title "Lord Protector", which had a number of precedents going back to the 15th century.寻求保持联系与古代宪法，但距离自己从丢脸君主制，克伦威尔提出了复兴标题"主保护者" ，其中有许多先例可以追溯到15世纪。 Under the terms of the , executive power now passed to an elected Lord Protector advised by a Council of State.根据的条款， 行政权力，现在通过民选的上议院保护者宜由国务院。 Cromwell was declared Lord Protector for life and formally installed at Westminster Hall on 16 December 1653.克伦威尔被宣布勋爵守护生命，并正式安装在西敏寺大厅12月16日1653 。 His decision to accept the office of Protector alienated many republicans and religious radicals, who regarded it as a betrayal of the principles for which the civil wars had been fought.他决定接受办公室保护者疏离许多共和党人和宗教激进分子，他们把它当作一个背叛的原则，而内战已经打了。 In April 1654, Cromwell moved into Whitehall Palace, the former residence of King Charles.在1654年4月，克伦威尔搬进白厅宫，故居国王查尔斯。
D espite opposition from many quarters, Cromwell held on to power throughout the 1650s principally by retaining the loyalty of the Army. 四埃斯皮特反对来自许多方面，克伦威尔举行电力整个1650年代，主要由保留的忠诚的军队。 He also tended to grant important positions in civil and military government to those with personal attachments to himself or who had reason to be grateful to him for their advancement.他也倾向于给予重用，在民事和军事政府与个人实习或自己曾引以感谢他为自己的地位和作用。 Senior army commands were granted to officers who had served with him during the civil wars, particularly those connected to his own family such as his son-in-law and brother-in-law .陆军高级指挥获准人员曾任他的内战期间，特别是那些连自己的家人，例如他的女婿和姐夫 。 The dependence of the Protectorate régime upon a standing army in England, armies of occupation in Scotland and Ireland as well as a powerful navy led to unprecedented levels of taxation.依赖性的保护régime后常备军在英格兰，军队占领苏格兰和爱尔兰以及一支强大的海军，导致了前所未有的水平征税。 Despite an aggressive foreign policy, Cromwell gradually reduced army numbers and levels of taxation, but this was never enough to satisfy his critics or to deal with arrears of pay in the armed forces.尽管侵略性的外交政策，克伦威尔逐渐减少军队人数和各级税务，而这是永远是不够的，以满足他的批评或处理拖欠工资的武装部队。
Cromwell's overriding concern in domestic policy was the creation of a broadly-based national church with toleration of radical Protestant groups who remained outside it but were prepared to keep the peace.克伦威尔的首要关注的国内政策是建立一个有广泛基础的国家与教会容忍新教激进团体留外，但它愿意维持和平。 During the first year of the Protectorate, a central commission of clergy and laymen was established to examine candidates for the ministry ("Triers") and local commissions were appointed to eject ministers who proved unsuitable ("Ejectors").在第一年的保护，中央委员会的神职人员和普通人成立审查候选人部（ "审判" ）和地方委员会委弹出部长们证明不合适（ "喷射" ） 。 Although Cromwell's religious policy made steady progress towards reconciliation among the Protestant sects, the emergence of the , who opposed all organised churches, was disruptive and alarming.虽然克伦威尔的宗教政策，取得了稳步进展之间的和解，新教教派，出现了 ，他们反对一切教会主办的，是破坏性和震惊。 Within months of his inauguration as Protector, Cromwell negotiated a treaty to bring the first to an end, having never been in favour of war against a Protestant nation.几个月内就职，极尽克伦威尔谈判一项条约，使第一结束了，因从未赞成发动战争的一个基督教国家。 However, his hopes of forming a grand alliance of Protestant European powers came to nothing, and during 1654, Cromwell became involved in secret negotiations with the two great Catholic powers France and Spain.不过，他希望组成一个大联盟的基督教欧洲列强告落空，而且在1654 ，克伦威尔成为参与秘密谈判与两位天主教大国法国和西班牙。 The two nations were at war with one another and each sought an alliance with the Protectorate against the other.这两个国家都处于战争状态，互相寻求每一个联盟与被保护起来。 Cromwell finally opted for an alliance with France and secretly promoted the to attack Spanish colonies in the West Indies.克伦威尔最后选择了联盟与法国暗中推动来攻击西班牙殖民地，在西印度群岛。 The resulted in the seizure of Jamaica in 1655 and Dunkirk in 1658, but Cromwell's anti-Spanish foreign policy was criticised as anachronistic even during the Protectorate because it was damaging to English trade and commerce. 导致检牙买加在1655年和敦克尔克1658年，但克伦威尔的反西班牙外交政策被批评为过时的，即使在保护，因为它损害英语贸易和商业。
In September 1654, Cromwell summoned the , which was elected on a wider franchise than any previous parliament and which included MPs from Scotland and Ireland for the first time.在1654年9月，克伦威尔传唤 ，当选广泛专营比以前任何一个议会，其中包括国会议员，从苏格兰和爱尔兰为首次。 Distrust between the Army leaders and civilian politicians became strikingly clear, however.互不信任军队领导人和平民政治家成为引人注目清楚，但。 Heated constitutional debates, amendments to the Instrument of Government aimed at strengthening Parliament's powers at the expense of the Protector's, and criticism of Cromwell's leadership by republican MPs prompted him to dissolve this Parliament at the earliest possible opportunity, in January 1655.政制激烈辩论，以修改政府文书 ，旨在加强议会的权力，不惜牺牲保护者的，并批评克伦威尔领导的共和党国会议员促使他将解散议会，这在最早可能的机会，在一月1655 。
Following Royalist insurrections in March 1655 ( ), Cromwell felt obliged to impose direct military rule rather than attempt to govern through another civilian assembly.以下保皇起义，在1655年3月（ ） ，克伦威尔不得不实行直接军事统治，而不是试图通过执政另一平民大会。 He had already come to regard the failure of the Western Design in its principal objectives as a sign of God's displeasure at the nation's progress.他已来就失败了西方设计，其主要目标为标志上帝的不满，在民族进步的。 Consequently, England and Wales were divided into twelve districts, each governed by a Major-General answerable directly to the Protector.因此，英格兰和威尔士分为12个联邦储备区，每个由少将负责，并直接向保护者。 The Major-Generals were charged not only with maintaining security but also with enforcing moral reform in the localities.主将领被起诉，不仅维护安全，而且与执行德育改革在各地。 The proved deeply unpopular. ，证明深不得人心。 Growing civilian disquiet and the need to finance military operations against Spain forced Cromwell to call a in September 1656.日益平民不安，并需要融资军事行动迫使西班牙克伦威尔召开在1656年9月。 Bowing to pressure from MPs who insisted that the Major-Generals were unconstitutional and against law and custom, Cromwell agreed to abolish the system in January 1657.向压力屈服，从国会议员坚持认为大将军们违宪，并针对法律和习俗，克伦威尔同意取消系统1657年1月。
[img]http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/images/cromwell-2.jpg[/img]
T he Protectorate gradually adopted the trappings of a Monarchy.他笔保护逐步通过服饰的一个君主立宪制。 Cromwell was usually addressed as "your Highness" and by 1656 he was rewarding his loyal followers with knighthoods.克伦威尔通常被作为解决"殿下" ，由他1656年奖励他的忠实追随者与爵士。 In February 1657, a group of MPs headed by presented a new constitution known as The Humble Petition and Advice , under which Cromwell was formally offered the Crown.在1657年2月，一群国会议员为首提交了新宪法称为谦卑请愿和意见 ，根据克伦威尔被正式提出官方的。 This was primarily an attempt to stabilise the constitution under a civilian-led style of government.这主要是企图以稳定宪法下一个平民主导的风格。 Cromwell's powers would be limited as King because they would then be defined by precedent.克伦威尔的权力将受到限制，作为国王，因为他们便确定先例。 Furthermore, since the offer came from an elected Parliament, there could be no further doubts regarding the legality of the Cromwellian régime.此外，由于提供来自一个民选议会，就不可能有进一步疑问，对于合法性的cromwellian régime 。 However, after much agonising and in the face of strong opposition from republicans and army leaders, Cromwell finally decided to reject the offer, saying "I will not build Jericho again" .不过，经过此前在面对强烈的反对来自共和党和军队领导人，克伦威尔最后决定拒绝提供，说： "我不会建立杰里科重演" 。
The Humble Petition was modified to remove references to the royal title and Cromwell was re-installed as Lord Protector on 26 June 1657. 一介请愿修改，以消除提皇家称号和克伦威尔被重新安装，作为主protector对1657年6月26日。 The installation ceremony was still reminiscent of a coronation, with Cromwell wearing a robe of purple velvet lined with ermine and carrying a golden sceptre.安装仪式仍然想起一个加冕礼，克伦威尔身穿长袍紫色丝绒齐刷刷帝王和携带黄金供应sceptre 。 He took an adapted form of the royal coronation oath and left Westminster Hall in a coach of state amid cries of "God save the Lord Protector".他采取了适应形式的皇室加冕誓言离开西敏寺大厅教练州一片呼喊"天佑主保护者" 。 Under the the revised Humble Petition , he was now allowed to name his own successor.根据修订谦卑请愿 ，他被允许，现在的名字自己的继任者。 Lacking only a crown, Cromwell was "King in all but name".缺乏只有冠，克伦威尔是"国王所有，但名字" 。
In 1658, Cromwell convened an Upper House of Parliament in which his nominees sat as peers. 1658年，克伦威尔召集议会上院中，他被提名出任同行。 Republicans regarded this as too similar to the House of Lords and MPs questioned the titles, rights and legitimacy of the Upper House.共和党人认为这过于类似上议院国会议员质疑的名称，权利和合法性的上议院。 Amid fears that elements of the army supported the republicans, Cromwell went in person to Westminster on 4 February 1658 and abruptly dissolved the Second Protectorate Parliament.担心要素军队支持共和党，克伦威尔前往亲身西敏寺对1658年2月4日突然宣布解散第二保护议会。 Discouraged by his failure to settle the constitution or to reconcile the Puritan sects in a cohesive national church, Cromwell withdrew from public affairs.劝阻他未能解决宪法或调和清教徒教派在一个有凝聚力的国家教会，克伦威尔退出公共事务。 Over the next few months his health went into a sharp decline, particularly after the death from cancer of his favourite daughter, Elizabeth, in August.在未来几个月内他的健康状况进入一个急剧下降，特别是死亡后，从癌症自己最喜爱的女儿，伊丽莎白，在八月。
During a bout of the recurring malarial fever that had afflicted him since the 1630s, Oliver Cromwell died at Whitehall on 3 September 1658 — the anniversary of his great military victories at Dunbar and Worcester.在一番反复疟疾发烧，折磨了他自英属，克伦威尔死在白厅对1658年9月3日-纪念他的伟大军事胜利在邓巴和伍斯特。 A violent storm wracked England during the night of his death, said by his enemies to be the Devil carrying away his soul.暴力风波平息英格兰在夜间逝世表示，由他的敌人是魔鬼携带走他的灵魂。 He was buried in Westminster Abbey with a funeral service based upon that of King James I. Oliver's eldest son Richard was nominated to succeed him, but the Protectorate had ended within a year of his death, to be followed in due course by the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy.他被安葬在威斯敏斯特亚贝与殡葬服务的基础上，国王詹姆斯导奥利弗的长子理查德被提名接替他的，但保护已结束一年去世，然后在适当时候由修复的斯图亚特君主。
Cromwell's children克伦威尔的子女
Oliver married Elizabeth Bourchier on 22 August 1620.奥利弗结婚伊丽莎白bourchier对1620年8月22日。 Between 1621 and 1638, they had nine children, eight of whom survived infancy:至1621和1638 ，他们九名子女，其中8人存活婴儿：
Robert b. 罗伯特乙 October 1621, died aged 17 in May 1639 of an unknown fever or accident whilst away at school. 1621年10月去世， 17岁，在1639年5月的一个不明发烧或意外而失去了上学。
Oliver : b. 奥利弗 ：甘蓝 February 1623. 1623年2月。 The younger Oliver fought at Edgehill as a cornet in Oliver St. John's regiment, then joined his father's regiment in 1643.年轻苦海打在切作为cornet在奥利弗圣约翰团，然后加入他父亲的团1643 。 He fought at Winceby and Grantham, but died of camp fever in the spring of 1644 when serving on garrison duty at Newport Pagnell, aged 21.他在打winceparis和葛，但死亡营发热春季1644年任职时，驻军地点在新港厂， 21岁。
Bridget : b. bridget ：甘蓝 August 1624. 1624年8月。 Deeply religious and sober-minded, she married Henry Ireton in 1646 as the First Civil War drew to a close.深受宗教和清醒的头脑，她已婚财政部长亨利1646年作为第一次内战接近尾声。 A year after Ireton's death in 1651, she married Charles Fleetwood, who succeeded Ireton as Lord-Deputy in Ireland.一年后，科特迪瓦的死亡1651年，她结婚查尔斯fleetwood ，接替国务作为主副爱尔兰。 Bridget died shortly after the Restoration. bridget去世后不久恢复。 Two daughters by her marriage to Ireton, Jane and Elizabeth, survived her.两个女儿，她的婚姻老挝，阿珍与伊丽莎白，她的存活。
Richard : b. 理查德 ：甘蓝 October 1626. 1626年10月。 As Oliver's oldest surviving son, it fell to Richard to succeed his father as Lord Protector in 1658 — a role for which he was temperamentally unsuited.至于奥利弗古老的幸存的儿子，下跌理查德接替他的父亲，作为主保护，在1658 -一个角色，而他是散不适应。 He fled abroad when the Protectorate collapsed in 1659 and remained exiled in France and separated from his wife and daughters until 1680.他跑到国外当保护昏倒在1659仍流亡在法国和失散的妻子和女儿，直到1680年。 Upon his return to England, he lived quietly at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, under the assumed name of John Clarke until his death in 1712. 当他回到英国，他住在悄悄疮痂病，赫特福德郡下，化名约翰克拉克直到去世，在1712 。
Henry : b. 亨利 ：甘蓝 January 1628. 1628年1月。 Far more capable than his older brother Richard, Henry Cromwell served in the New Model Army and in Ireland.更为能力比他的哥哥理查德亨利克伦威尔担任新模式军队和爱尔兰。 He married Elizabeth Russell in 1653, with whom he had seven children.他已婚伊丽莎白罗素1653年，其中他有7个子女。 He succeeded his brother-in-law Charles Fleetwood as Lord-Deputy of Ireland in 1655 and remained there until the fall of the Protectorate in 1659.他成功，他的姐夫查尔斯fleetwood作为主副爱尔兰，在1655年仍然存在，直到秋天的保护地1659 。 Henry was treated generously at the Restoration and allowed to keep his Irish lands.亨利是慷慨对待，在恢复和允许台湾保留自己的爱尔兰的土地。 Eventually he retired to Spinney Abbey in Cambridgeshire, where he died in 1674.最终他退休spinney亚贝在剑桥郡，在那里他死于1674 。 Henry's great-grandson Oliver Cromwell, who died in 1821 aged 79, was the Protector's last direct male descendant. 亨利的曾孙克伦威尔去世， 1821年79岁，被保护者的直接上男性后裔。
Elizabeth : b. 伊丽莎白 ：甘蓝 July 1629. 1629年7月。 Lively and vivacious, Bettie was her father's favourite.生动而活泼，身心愉快是她父亲的喜爱。 She married John Claypole in January 1646 and had four children.嫁给约翰塔格特在1646年1月，并有四个子女。 Her kindness and warmth endeared her to the Protectorate court, where she often interceded for Royalist prisoners.她的爱心和温暖，她早就向法院保护，在那里她经常为国际保皇囚犯。 Her premature death from cancer in August 1658 profoundly affected Oliver, who died the following month.她早死，从癌症在1658年8月，深刻影响了苦海去世一个月后。 Like other prominent Cromwellians, Bettie was buried in Westminster Abbey; by chance, hers was the only grave left undisturbed at the Restoration.像其他著名cromwellians ，身心愉快被安葬在西敏寺亚贝;偶然，她是唯一留下的严重干扰，在恢复。
James: d. 詹姆斯： d. 1632. 1632 。 Died in infancy.死在萌芽状态。
Mary : b. 玛丽 ：甘蓝 February 1637. 1637年2月。 Spirited and strong-willed, Mary married Thomas Belasyse, Viscount Fauconberg, in 1657.热心和意志坚定，玛丽结婚托马斯belasyse ，福肯贝格子爵， 1657 。 After the Restoration, the Fauconbergs flourished at the court of Charles II where Lord Fauconberg became a Privy Councillor; he was created an Earl by William III and lived until 1700.经过修复， fauconbergs蓬勃在法庭查尔斯二主那里福肯贝格成为知悉政局;他创造了一个伯爵威廉第三和生活，直至1700 。 As Lady Fauconberg, Mary remained highly regarded at court and lived into the reign of Queen Anne.作为福肯贝格夫人玛丽仍然推崇在法院住到在位女王安妮。
Frances : b. 弗朗西斯 ：甘蓝 1638. 1638 。 Although suggested as a potential wife for Charles II, Frances married Robert Rich, grandson of the Earl of Warwick, in 1657.虽然提议作为一个潜在的妻子查尔斯二，法兰西结婚罗伯特富人，孙子的伯爵华威， 1657 。 She was widowed within three months when Rich died of consumption.她丧偶三个月内向当丰富死于饮用。 After the Restoration, she married Sir John Russell.经过修复，她已婚爵士罗素。 Frances lived until 1721 and was buried with her sister Mary at St Nicholas' Church, Chiswick.法兰西生活，直到1721被埋葬妹妹玛丽在圣尼古拉斯的教堂， chiswick 。 ........:yociexp104
无语！！！
页:
[1]